Robert Wachter, MD

Professor

Robert Wachter, MD is Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Author of 300 articles and 6 books, he coined the term “hospitalist,” the fastest-growing medical specialty in U.S. history. He is past-president of the Society of Hospital Medicine, past-chair of the American Board of Internal Medicine, and an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine. In 2004, he received the John M. Eisenberg Award, the nation’s top honor in patient safety. Modern Healthcare magazine has ranked him as one of the 50 most influential physician-executives in the U.S. more than a dozen times; he was #1 on the list in 2015.

His 2015 book, "The Digital Doctor," was a New York Times bestseller. His new book, "A Giant Leap: How AI is Transforming Healthcare and What That Means for Our Future," was published by Portfolio/Penguin in 2026.
Education
Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars, 1990 - Health Policy, Ethics, Epidemiology, Stanford University
Chief Resident, 1988 - Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Residency, 1986 - Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
M.D., 1983 - School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
B.A., 1979 - Political Science/Biology, University of Pennsylvania
Honors and Awards
  • Howard Bleich Visiting Professor, Beth Israel-Deaconess Health System, 2025
  • Board of Directors, Josiah Macy Foundation, 2024-now
  • MACP (Master of the ACP), American College of Physicians, 2020
  • Elected Member, National Academy of Medicine, 2020
  • Commencement Speaker, Univ of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 2017
  • #1 Most Influential Physician-Executive in the United States, Modern Healthcare magazine, 2015
  • "The Digital Doctor" on the NYT Bestseller List, The New York Times, 2015
  • Alumni of the Year award, Univ of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 2015
  • Chair of the Board, American Board of Internal Medicine, 2013-2014
  • Neilson Distinguished Professor Award (leadership of specialty medicine in US), Assoc of Specialty Professors of Medicine, 2011
  • US-UK Fulbright Scholar (study at Imperial College London), Fulbright Commission, 2011
  • Master of Hospital Medicine, Society of Hospital Medicine, 2010
  • Holly Smith Award for exceptional service to School of Medicine, UCSF, 2008
  • Named one of 50 most influential physician-executives in US (each year), Modern Healthcare magazine, 2007-2018
  • Benioff Endowed Chair in Hospital Medicine, 2007
  • John M Eisenberg Award (nation's top honor in patient safety), National Quality Forum/Joint Commission, 2004
  • First elected president, Society of Hospital Medicine, 2000
  • Academic Senate Distinction in Teaching Award, UCSF, 1996
Publications

  1. Wachter RM. Artificial Intelligence in Medical Education. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2025. PMID: 40424528


  2. Judson TJ, Lo L, Demko JE, Mourad M, Liu KD, Wachter RM, Lopez I, Tummalapalli SL. Addressing Inpatient Hyponatremia Through Targeted Automatic E-consults: A Pilot Randomized Trial. Journal of general internal medicine. 2024. PMID: 39438379


  3. Santhosh L, Rosenstein LA, Wachter RM. Revitalizing grand rounds in the time of COVID. BMC medical education. 2024. PMID: 39363156


  4. Rotenstein LS, Wachter RM. Are Artificial Intelligence-Generated Replies the Answer to the Electronic Health Record Inbox Problem? JAMA network open. 2024. PMID: 39401042


  5. Patel R, Dani SS, Khadke S, Kumar A, Ahmad J, Saji AM, Shah J, Mehta N, Wener K, McQuillen DP, Abraham G, Faust J, Maley J, Patel S, Mullington J, Wachter RM, Mosenthal A, Sax PE, Ganatra S. Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for Acute COVID-19 in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JACC. Advances. 2024. PMID: 39081650


  6. Adler-Milstein J, Redelmeier DA, Wachter RM. The Limits of Clinician Vigilance as an AI Safety Bulwark. JAMA. 2024. PMID: 38483397


  7. Park HJ, Gonsalves GS, Tan ST, Kelly JD, Rutherford GW, Wachter RM, Schechter R, Paltiel AD, Lo NC. Comparing frequency of booster vaccination to prevent severe COVID-19 by risk group in the United States. Nature communications. 2024. PMID: 38448400


  8. Wachter RM. COVID-19 and Patient Safety-Lessons From 2 Efforts to Keep People Safe. JAMA internal medicine. 2024. PMID: 38190140


  9. Wachter RM, Brynjolfsson E. Will Generative Artificial Intelligence Deliver on Its Promise in Health Care? JAMA. 2023. PMID: 38032660


  10. Kulkarni SA, Wachter RM. The Hospitalist Movement 25 Years Later. Annual review of medicine. 2023. PMID: 37802086


  11. Straburzynska-Migaj E, Senni M, Wachter R, Fonseca C, Witte KK, Mueller C, Lonn E, Butylin D, Noe A, Schwende H, Lawrence D, Suryawanshi B, Pascual-Figal D, of TRANSITION Investigators. Early Initiation of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Patients With Acute Heart Failure and Renal Dysfunction: An Analysis of the TRANSITION Study. Journal of cardiac failure. 2023. PMID: 37678704


  12. Wachter RM. The Disappointing Impact of Interventions to Prevent Hospital Readmissions. JAMA internal medicine. 2023. PMID: 37126339


  13. Kocher B, Wachter RM. Why is it so hard for academic medical centers to succeed in value-based care? Health Affairs Scholar. 2023. PMID: 38756833


  14. Ganatra S, Dani SS, Ahmad J, Kumar A, Shah J, Abraham GM, McQuillen DP, Wachter RM, Sax PE. Oral Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in Non-hospitalized Vaccinated Patients with Covid-19. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2022. PMID: 35986628


  16. Wachter RM. Nailing the nuance on COVID-19. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2022. PMID: 35857614


  17. James CA, Wachter RM, Woolliscroft JO. Preparing Clinicians for a Clinical World Influenced by Artificial Intelligence. 2015 Year Book of Pediatrics. Ed. Cabana MD. (Elsevier; Philadelphia, PA). 2022. PMID: 35311917


  18. Lyles CR, Wachter RM, Sarkar U. Focusing on Digital Health Equity. 2015 Year Book of Pediatrics. Ed. Cabana MD. (Elsevier; Philadelphia, PA). 2021. PMID: 34677577


  19. Judson TJ, Mourad M, Wachter RM. Building a Targeted Automatic e-Consult (TACo) Program. 2015 Year Book of Pediatrics. Ed. Cabana MD. (Elsevier; Philadelphia, PA). 2021. PMID: 34933816


  20. Schaffer AC, Yu-Moe CW, Babayan A, Wachter RM, Einbinder JS. Rates and Characteristics of Medical Malpractice Claims Against Hospitalists. Journal of hospital medicine. 2021. PMID: 34197302


  21. . Delayed Second Dose versus Standard Regimen for Covid-19 Vaccination. The New England journal of medicine. 2021. PMID: 33596347


  22. DeJong C, Wachter RM. The Risks of Prescribing Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of COVID-19-First, Do No Harm. JAMA internal medicine. 2020. PMID: 32347894


  24. Dzeng E, Wachter RM. Ethics in Conflict: Moral Distress as a Root Cause of Burnout. Journal of general internal medicine. 2019. PMID: 31667744


  25. Berger A, Matloubian M, Shah NP, Wachter RM, DeRisi JL, Anderson M. The Molecular Medicine Investigation Unit: Linking Patient Care and Scientific Inquiry in Physician-Scientist Training. Journal of graduate medical education. 2020. PMID: 32089799


  26. Sankaran S, Andrews JP, Chicas M, Wachter RM, Berger MS. Patient safety movement in neurological surgery: the current state and future directions. Journal of neurosurgery. 2019. PMID: 31585429


  27. Ray JM, Ratwani RM, Sinsky CA, Frankel RM, Friedberg MW, Powsner SM, Rosenthal DI, Wachter RM, Melnick ER. Six habits of highly successful health information technology: powerful strategies for design and implementation. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA. 2019. PMID: 31265064


  28. Gupta K, Wachter RM. Integrating Health Care Technologies: Challenges and Lessons Learned from One Medical Center's Experience. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2019. PMID: 31462393


  29. Nundy S, Montgomery T, Wachter RM. Promoting Trust Between Patients and Physicians in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. JAMA. 2019. PMID: 31305873


  31. Emanuel EJ, Wachter RM. Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Will the Value Match the Hype? JAMA. 2019. PMID: 31107500


  33. Gandhi TK, Kaplan GS, Leape L, Berwick DM, Edgman-Levitan S, Edmondson A, Meyer GS, Michaels D, Morath JM, Vincent C, Wachter R. Transforming concepts in patient safety: a progress report. BMJ quality & safety. 2018. PMID: 30018115


  35. Wachter RM, Gupta K.. Understanding Patient Safety, 3rd Edition Understanding Patient Safety, 3rd Edition.. 2018. PMID:


  36. Patel H, Fang MC, Mourad M, Green A, Wachter RM, Murphy RD, Harrison JD. Hospitalist and Internal Medicine Leaders' Perspectives of Early Discharge Challenges at Academic Medical Centers. Journal of hospital medicine. 2017. PMID: 29240850


  37. Sarkar U, McDonald K, Motala A, Smith P, Zipperer L, Wachter RM, Shanman R, Shekelle PG. Pragmatic Insights on Patient Safety Priorities and Intervention Strategies in Ambulatory Settings. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2017. PMID: 29173287


  38. Uphaus T, Grings A, Gröschel S, Müller A, Weber-Krüger M, Wachter R, Gröschel K. Automatic detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with ischaemic stroke: better than routine diagnostic workup? European journal of neurology. 2017. PMID: 28503795


  39. Armstrong K, Anderson ME, Carethers JM, Loscalzo J, Parmacek MS, Wachter RM, Zeidel ML. International Exchange and American Medicine. The New England journal of medicine. 2017. PMID: 28146413


  40. Gupta R, Moriates C, Harrison JD, Valencia V, Ong M, Clarke R, Steers N, Hays RD, Braddock CH, Wachter R. Development of a high-value care culture survey: a modified Delphi process and psychometric evaluation. BMJ quality & safety. 2016. PMID: 27798226


  41. Pannick S, Wachter RM, Vincent C, Sevdalis N. Rethinking medical ward quality. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2016. PMID: 27756729


  43. Schoenfeld AJ, Wachter RM. The Search for Better Patient Handoff Tools. JAMA internal medicine. 2016. PMID: 27479543


  44. Wachter RM, Goldman L. Zero to 50,000 - The 20th Anniversary of the Hospitalist. The New England journal of medicine. 2016. PMID: 27508924


  46. Gupta K, Wachter RM, Kachalia A. Financial incentives and mortality: taking pay for performance a step too far. BMJ quality & safety. 2016. PMID: 26893513


  47. Young JQ, Wachter RM, Ten Cate O, O'Sullivan PS, Irby DM. Advancing the next generation of handover research and practice with cognitive load theory. BMJ quality & safety. 2016. PMID: 26786521


  48. Hoffman A, Hatefi A, Wachter R. Hospitalists, value and the future. Future hospital journal. 2016. PMID: 31098182


  49. Khanna RR, Wachter RM, Blum M. Reimagining Electronic Clinical Communication in the Post-Pager, Smartphone Era. JAMA. 2016. PMID: 26746450


  50. Murray SG, Wachter RM, Cho KC, Dhaliwal G. CLINICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING. A Breakthrough Diagnosis. The New England journal of medicine. 2015. PMID: 26535516


  51. Pannick S, Davis R, Ashrafian H, Byrne BE, Beveridge I, Athanasiou T, Wachter RM, Sevdalis N. Effects of Interdisciplinary Team Care Interventions on General Medical Wards: A Systematic Review. JAMA internal medicine. 2015. PMID: 26076428


  52. Wachter RM. Hospital medicine in 2015: Remarkable successes and a crucial crossroads. Journal of hospital medicine. 2015. PMID: 26097222


  53. Wachter RM, Kerbel RB, Aung KK. Interview of Robert M. Wachter, MD. Healthcare (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2015. PMID: 26179733


  54. Wachter R, Wehrwein P. A Conversation With Robert Wachter, MD. Reality Bytes: Medicine's Bumpy Ride Into the Digital Age. Managed care (Langhorne, Pa.). 2015. PMID: 26117963


  55. Wachter RM. The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine's Computer Age The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype, and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine's Computer Age. 2015. PMID:


  56. Coronini-Cronberg S, Bixby H, Laverty AA, Wachter RM, Millett C. English National Health Service's savings plan may have helped reduce the use of three 'low-value' procedures. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2015. PMID: 25732487


  57. Austin JM, Jha AK, Romano PS, Singer SJ, Vogus TJ, Wachter RM, Pronovost PJ. National hospital ratings systems share few common scores and may generate confusion instead of clarity. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2015. PMID: 25732492


  58. Güder G, Gelbrich G, Edelmann F, Wachter R, Pieske B, Pankuweit S, Maisch B, Prettin C, Brenner S, Morbach C, Berliner D, Deubner N, Ertl G, Angermann CE, Störk S. Reverse epidemiology in different stages of heart failure. International journal of cardiology. 2015. PMID: 25710785


  59. McTiernan P, Wachter RM, Meyer GS, Gandhi TK. Patient safety is not elective: a debate at the NPSF Patient Safety Congress. BMJ quality & safety. 2014. PMID: 25411320


  60. Pannick S, Beveridge I, Wachter RM, Sevdalis N. Improving the quality and safety of care on the medical ward: A review and synthesis of the evidence base. European journal of internal medicine. 2014. PMID: 25457434


  61. Moriates C, Mourad M, Novelero M, Wachter RM. Development of a hospital-based program focused on improving healthcare value. Journal of hospital medicine. 2014. PMID: 24980982


  62. Liao JM, Wachter RM. Grading residents' clinical performance: unique opportunities and challenges. Journal of general internal medicine. 2014. PMID: 24706098


  63. Wachter RM. Hospitalist workload: the search for the magic number. JAMA internal medicine. 2014. PMID: 24686774


  65. Austin JM, D'Andrea G, Birkmeyer JD, Leape LL, Milstein A, Pronovost PJ, Romano PS, Singer SJ, Vogus TJ, Wachter RM. Safety in numbers: the development of Leapfrog's composite patient safety score for U.S. hospitals. Journal of patient safety. 2014. PMID: 24080719


  66. Dalton AR, Vamos EP, Harris MJ, Netuveli G, Wachter RM, Majeed A, Millett C. Impact of universal health insurance coverage on hypertension management: a cross-national study in the United States and England. PloS one. 2014. PMID: 24416171


  68. Driver TH, Katz PP, Trupin L, Wachter RM. Responding to clinicians who fail to follow patient safety practices: perceptions of physicians, nurses, trainees, and patients. Journal of hospital medicine. 2013. PMID: 24343947


  69. Berger MS, Wachter RM, Greysen SR, Lau CY. Changing our culture to advance patient safety: the 2013 AANS Presidential Address. Journal of neurosurgery. 2013. PMID: 24289847


  70. Wachter RM. Observation status for hospitalized patients: a maddening policy begging for revision. JAMA internal medicine. 2013. PMID: 23835681


  71. Sehgal NL, Wachter RM, Vidyarthi AR. Bringing continuing medical education to the bedside: the University of California, San Francisco Hospitalist Mini-College. Journal of hospital medicine. 2013. PMID: 24264936


  72. Auerbach AD, Wachter RM. Focusing on value: this time is different. Journal of hospital medicine. 2013. PMID: 23955925


  73. Pronovost PJ, Wachter RM. Progress in patient safety: a glass fuller than it seems. American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality. 2013. PMID: 23939487


  74. Cowling TE, Cecil EV, Soljak MA, Lee JT, Millett C, Majeed A, Wachter RM, Harris MJ. Access to primary care and visits to emergency departments in England: a cross-sectional, population-based study. PloS one. 2013. PMID: 23776694


  75. Rennke S, Nguyen OK, Shoeb MH, Magan Y, Wachter RM, Ranji SR. Hospital-initiated transitional care interventions as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Annals of internal medicine. 2013. PMID: 23460101


  76. Wachter RM, Pronovost P, Shekelle P. Strategies to improve patient safety: the evidence base matures. Annals of internal medicine. 2013. PMID: 23460060


  77. Shekelle PG, Pronovost PJ, Wachter RM, McDonald KM, Schoelles K, Dy SM, Shojania K, Reston JT, Adams AS, Angood PB, Bates DW, Bickman L, Carayon P, Donaldson L, Duan N, Farley DO, Greenhalgh T, Haughom JL, Lake E, Lilford R, Lohr KN, Meyer GS, Miller MR, Neuhauser DV, Ryan G, Saint S, Shortell SM, Stevens DP, Walshe K. The top patient safety strategies that can be encouraged for adoption now. Annals of internal medicine. 2013. PMID: 23460091


  78. Shekelle PG, Wachter RM, Pronovost PJ, Schoelles K, McDonald KM, Dy SM, Shojania K, Reston J, Berger Z, Johnsen B, Larkin JW, Lucas S, Martinez K, Motala A, Newberry SJ, Noble M, Pfoh E, Ranji SR, Rennke S, Schmidt E, Shanman R, Sullivan N, Sun F, Tipton K, Treadwell JR, Tsou A, Vaiana ME, Weaver SJ, Wilson R, Winters BD. Making health care safer II: an updated critical analysis of the evidence for patient safety practices. Evidence report/technology assessment. 2013. PMID: 24423049


  79. Wachter RM, Verghese AC. Attending physicians on ward rounds--reply. JAMA. 2013. PMID: 23340628


  80. Hwa M, Sharpe BA, Wachter RM. Development and implementation of a balanced scorecard in an academic hospitalist group. Journal of hospital medicine. 2013. PMID: 23335279


  81. Graber ML, Wachter RM, Cassel CK. Bringing diagnosis into the quality and safety equations. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 23011708


  82. Wachter RM. Disciplining doctors for misconduct: character matters, but so does competence. BMJ quality & safety. 2012. PMID: 22996570


  83. Wachter RM, Verghese A. The attending physician on the wards: finding a new homeostasis. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 22968883


  84. Lyndon A, Sexton JB, Simpson KR, Rosenstein A, Lee KA, Wachter RM. Predictors of likelihood of speaking up about safety concerns in labour and delivery. BMJ quality & safety. 2012. PMID: 22927492


  85. Wachter RM. Personal accountability in healthcare: searching for the right balance. BMJ quality & safety. 2012. PMID: 22942398


  86. Nelson JR, Wellikson L, Wachter RM. Specialty hospitalists: analyzing an emerging phenomenon. JAMA. 2012. PMID: 22535853


  87. Greaves F, Pape UJ, King D, Darzi A, Majeed A, Wachter RM, Millett C. Associations between Internet-based patient ratings and conventional surveys of patient experience in the English NHS: an observational study. BMJ quality & safety. 2012. PMID: 22523318


  88. Laverty AA, Smith PC, Pape UJ, Mears A, Wachter RM, Millett C. High-profile investigations into hospital safety problems in England did not prompt patients to switch providers. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2012. PMID: 22392671


  89. Greaves F, Pape UJ, King D, Darzi A, Majeed A, Wachter RM, Millett C. Associations between Web-based patient ratings and objective measures of hospital quality. Archives of internal medicine. 2012. PMID: 22331980


  90. Wachter RM, Bell D. Renaissance of hospital generalists. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2012. PMID: 22331278


  91. Wachter RM.. Understanding Patient Safety Understanding Patient Safety.. 2012. PMID:


  92. Auerbach AD, Sehgal NL, Blegen MA, Maselli J, Alldredge BK, Vittinghoff E, Wachter RM. Effects of a multicentre teamwork and communication programme on patient outcomes: results from the Triad for Optimal Patient Safety (TOPS) project. BMJ quality & safety. 2011. PMID: 22069113


  93. Driver TH, Wachter RM. Can healthcare go from good to great? Journal of hospital medicine. 2011. PMID: 21997854


  94. Schmaltz SP, Williams SC, Chassin MR, Loeb JM, Wachter RM. Hospital performance trends on national quality measures and the association with Joint Commission accreditation. Journal of hospital medicine. 2011. PMID: 21990175


  95. Young JQ, Ranji SR, Wachter RM, Lee CM, Niehaus B, Auerbach AD. "July effect": impact of the academic year-end changeover on patient outcomes: a systematic review. Annals of internal medicine. 2011. PMID: 21747093


  96. Young JQ, Pringle Z, Wachter RM. Improving follow-up of high-risk psychiatry outpatients at resident year-end transfer. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2011. PMID: 21819028


  97. Taylor SL, Dy S, Foy R, Hempel S, McDonald KM, Ovretveit J, Pronovost PJ, Rubenstein LV, Wachter RM, Shekelle PG. What context features might be important determinants of the effectiveness of patient safety practice interventions? BMJ quality & safety. 2011. PMID: 21617166


  98. Dy SM, Taylor SL, Carr LH, Foy R, Pronovost PJ, Ovretveit J, Wachter RM, Rubenstein LV, Hempel S, McDonald KM, Shekelle PG. A framework for classifying patient safety practices: results from an expert consensus process. BMJ quality & safety. 2011. PMID: 21610267


  99. Shekelle PG, Pronovost PJ, Wachter RM, Taylor SL, Dy SM, Foy R, Hempel S, McDonald KM, Ovretveit J, Rubenstein LV, Adams AS, Angood PB, Bates DW, Bickman L, Carayon P, Donaldson L, Duan N, Farley DO, Greenhalgh T, Haughom J, Lake ET, Lilford R, Lohr KN, Meyer GS, Miller MR, Neuhauser DV, Ryan G, Saint S, Shojania KG, Shortell SM, Stevens DP, Walshe K. Advancing the science of patient safety. Annals of internal medicine. 2011. PMID: 21576538


  100. Cabana MD, Wachter RM. The hazards of drawing conclusions from before-and-after studies of system-level interventions: knowing may not be enough. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2011. PMID: 21536963


  101. Lyndon A, Zlatnik MG, Wachter RM. Effective physician-nurse communication: a patient safety essential for labor and delivery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2011. PMID: 21640970


  102. Ovretveit JC, Shekelle PG, Dy SM, McDonald KM, Hempel S, Pronovost P, Rubenstein L, Taylor SL, Foy R, Wachter RM. How does context affect interventions to improve patient safety? An assessment of evidence from studies of five patient safety practices and proposals for research. BMJ quality & safety. 2011. PMID: 21493589


  103. Sehgal NL, Fox M, Sharpe BA, Vidyarthi AR, Blegen M, Wachter RM. Critical conversations: a call for a nonprocedural "time out". Journal of hospital medicine. 2011. PMID: 21480495


  104. Wachter RM, Auerbach AD. Filling the black hole of hospital discharge (editorial in response to article by Walz et al.,J Gen Intern Med 2011). Journal of general internal medicine. 2011. PMID: 21327528


  105. Wachter RM. The hospitalist field turns 15: new opportunities and challenges. Journal of hospital medicine. 2011. PMID: 21480487


  106. Allaudeen N, Schnipper JL, Orav EJ, Wachter RM, Vidyarthi AR. Inability of providers to predict unplanned readmissions. Journal of general internal medicine. 2011. PMID: 21399994


  107. Alper EJ, Wachter RM. Commentary: Medical malpractice and patient safety: tear down that wall! Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2011. PMID: 21346433


  108. Sehgal NL, Sharpe BA, Auerbach AA, Wachter RM. Investing in the future: building an academic hospitalist faculty development program. Journal of hospital medicine. 2011. PMID: 21387552


  109. Foy R, Ovretveit J, Shekelle PG, Pronovost PJ, Taylor SL, Dy S, Hempel S, McDonald KM, Rubenstein LV, Wachter RM. The role of theory in research to develop and evaluate the implementation of patient safety practices. BMJ quality & safety. 2011. PMID: 21317181


  110. Auerbach AD, Wachter RM, Cheng HQ, Maselli J, McDermott M, Vittinghoff E, Berger MS. Comanagement of surgical patients between neurosurgeons and hospitalists. Archives of internal medicine. 2010. PMID: 21149758


  111. Blegen MA, Sehgal NL, Alldredge BK, Gearhart S, Auerbach AA, Wachter RM. Republished paper: Improving safety culture on adult medical units through multidisciplinary teamwork and communication interventions: the TOPS Project. Postgraduate medical journal. 2010. PMID: 21106808


  112. Wachter RM. Why diagnostic errors don't get any respect--and what can be done about them. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2010. PMID: 20820015


  113. Blegen MA, Sehgal NL, Alldredge BK, Gearhart S, Auerbach AA, Wachter RM. Improving safety culture on adult medical units through multidisciplinary teamwork and communication interventions: the TOPS Project. Quality & safety in health care. 2010. PMID: 20693223


  115. Chassin MR, Loeb JM, Schmaltz SP, Wachter RM. Accountability measures--using measurement to promote quality improvement. The New England journal of medicine. 2010. PMID: 20573915


  116. Mookherjee S, Vidyarthi AR, Ranji SR, Maselli J, Wachter RM, Baron RB. Potential unintended consequences due to Medicare's "no pay for errors" rule? A randomized controlled trial of an educational intervention with internal medicine residents. Journal of general internal medicine. 2010. PMID: 20532660


  117. Kneeland PP, Kneeland C, Wachter RM. Bleeding talent: a lesson from industry on embracing physician workforce challenges. Journal of hospital medicine. 2010. PMID: 20533581


  118. Wachter RM. The relationship between hospitalists and primary care physicians. Annals of internal medicine. 2010. PMID: 20368658


  119. Vasilevskis EE, Knebel RJ, Dudley RA, Wachter RM, Auerbach AD. Cross-sectional analysis of hospitalist prevalence and quality of care in California. Journal of hospital medicine. 2010. PMID: 20394024


  120. Sehgal NL, Green A, Vidyarthi AR, Blegen MA, Wachter RM. Patient whiteboards as a communication tool in the hospital setting: a survey of practices and recommendations. Journal of hospital medicine. 2010. PMID: 20394030


  121. Wachter RM. Understanding the new vocabulary of healthcare reform. Journal of hospital medicine. 2010. PMID: 20394023


  122. Wachter R. Patient safety at 10 years: how far have we come? What's next? OR manager. 2010. PMID: 20387299


  123. Shekelle PG, Pronovost PJ, Wachter RM (editors).. Assessing the Evidence for Context-Sensitive Effectiveness and Safety of Patient Safety Practices: Developing Criteria Assessing the Evidence for Context-Sensitive Effectiveness and Safety of Patient Safety Practices: Developing Criteria.. 2010. PMID:


  124. Wachter RM. Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2009. PMID: 19952010


  125. Pronovost PJ, Miller MR, Wachter RM, Meyer GS. Perspective: Physician leadership in quality. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2009. PMID: 19940567


  127. Vasilevskis EE, Knebel RJ, Wachter RM, Auerbach AD. California hospital leaders' views of hospitalists: meeting needs of the present and future. Journal of hospital medicine. 2009. PMID: 20013852


  128. Wachter RM, Pronovost PJ. Balancing "no blame" with accountability in patient safety. The New England journal of medicine. 2009. PMID: 19797289


  129. Mazotti LA, Vidyarthi AR, Wachter RM, Auerbach AD, Katz PP. Impact of duty-hour restriction on resident inpatient teaching. Journal of hospital medicine. 2009. PMID: 19824096


  131. Young JQ, Wachter RM. Applying Toyota Production System principles to a psychiatric hospital: making transfers safer and more timely. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2009. PMID: 19774729


  132. Wachter RM, Holmboe ES. Diagnostic errors and patient safety. JAMA. 2009. PMID: 19602685


  133. Sarkar U, Wachter RM, Schroeder SA, Schillinger D. Refocusing the lens: patient safety in ambulatory chronic disease care. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2009. PMID: 19634806


  134. Wachter RM. Growth in care provided by hospitalists. The New England journal of medicine. 2009. PMID: 19553655


  135. Lee JH, Vidyarthi AR, Sehgal NL, Auerbach AD, Wachter RM. I-CaRe: a case review tool focused on improving inpatient care. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2009. PMID: 19241732


  136. Sehgal NL, Fox M, Vidyarthi AR, Sharpe BA, Gearhart S, Bookwalter T, Barker J, Alldredge BK, Blegen MA, Wachter RM. A multidisciplinary teamwork training program: the Triad for Optimal Patient Safety (TOPS) experience. Journal of general internal medicine. 2008. PMID: 18830769


  137. Wachter RM, Flanders SA, Fee C, Pronovost PJ. Public reporting of antibiotic timing in patients with pneumonia: lessons from a flawed performance measure. Annals of internal medicine. 2008. PMID: 18591635


  138. Bottle A, Millett C, Xie Y, Saxena S, Wachter RM, Majeed A. Quality of primary care and hospital admissions for diabetes mellitus in England. The Journal of ambulatory care management. 2008. PMID: 18574381


  139. Pronovost PJ, Goeschel CA, Wachter RM. The wisdom and justice of not paying for "preventable complications". JAMA. 2008. PMID: 18477787


  140. Singh SN, Wachter RM. Perspectives on medical outsourcing and telemedicine--rough edges in a flat world? The New England journal of medicine. 2008. PMID: 18403771


  141. Maa J, Wachter RM, Gosnell JE, Harris HW. The future of general surgery. JAMA. 2008. PMID: 18319410


  142. Wachter RM. The state of hospital medicine in 2008. The Medical clinics of North America. 2008. PMID: 18298978


  143. Wachter RM, Foster NE, Dudley RA. Medicare's decision to withhold payment for hospital errors: the devil is in the det. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2008. PMID: 18351196


  144. Josephson SA, Engstrom JW, Wachter RM. Neurohospitalists: an emerging model for inpatient neurological care. Annals of neurology. 2008. PMID: 18306369


  145. Sehgal NL, Wachter RM. Color-coded wristbands: promoting safety or confusion? Journal of hospital medicine. 2007. PMID: 18081179


  146. Sehgal NL, Wachter RM. Identification of inpatient DNR status: a safety hazard begging for standardization. Journal of hospital medicine. 2007. PMID: 18080337


  147. Maa J, Gosnell JE, Carter JT, Wachter RM, Harris HW. The surgical hospitalist: a new solution for emergency surgical care? Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 2007. PMID: 18041231


  148. Pronovost PJ, Miller M, Wachter RM. The GAAP in quality measurement and reporting. JAMA. 2007. PMID: 17940238


  149. Issa AM, Phillips KA, Van Bebber S, Nidamarthy HG, Lasser KE, Haas JS, Alldredge BK, Wachter RM, Bates DW. Drug withdrawals in the United States: a systematic review of the evidence and analysis of trends. Current drug safety. 2007. PMID: 18690965


  150. Maa J, Carter JT, Gosnell JE, Wachter R, Harris HW. The surgical hospitalist: a new model for emergency surgical care. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 2007. PMID: 17964447


  151. Biedermann R, Donnan L, Gabriel A, Wachter R, Krismer M, Behensky H. Complications and patient satisfaction after periacetabular pelvic osteotomy. International orthopaedics. 2007. PMID: 17579861


  152. Wachter RM. What will board certification be-and mean-for hospitalists? Journal of hospital medicine. 2007. PMID: 17427981


  153. Vidyarthi AR, Auerbach AD, Wachter RM, Katz PP. The impact of duty hours on resident self reports of errors. Journal of general internal medicine. 2007. PMID: 17356987


  154. Wachter RM, Pronovost PJ. The 100,000 Lives Campaign: A scientific and policy review. Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety. 2006. PMID: 17120921


  155. Wachter RM, Shojania KG, Markowitz AJ, Smith M, Saint S. Quality grand rounds: the case for patient safety. Annals of internal medicine. 2006. PMID: 17043345


  156. Wachter RM. Is ambulatory patient safety just like hospital safety, only without the "stat"? Annals of internal medicine. 2006. PMID: 17015874


  157. Sehgal NL, Wachter RM. The expanding role of hospitalists in the United States. Swiss medical weekly. 2006. PMID: 17043952


  158. Pronovost PJ, Miller MR, Wachter RM. Tracking progress in patient safety: an elusive target. JAMA. 2006. PMID: 16896113


  159. Wachter RM. The hospitalist movement 10 years later: life as a Swiss army knife. MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine. 2006. PMID: 17406164


  160. Auerbach AD, Chlouber R, Singler J, Lurie JD, Bostrom A, Wachter RM. Trends in market demand for internal medicine 1999 to 2004: an analysis of physician job advertisements. Journal of general internal medicine. 2006. PMID: 16836622


  161. Vidyarthi AR, Arora V, Schnipper JL, Wall SD, Wachter RM. Managing discontinuity in academic medical centers: strategies for a safe and effective resident sign-out. Journal of hospital medicine. 2006. PMID: 17219508


  162. Wachter RM. Reflections: the hospitalist movement a decade later. Journal of hospital medicine. 2006. PMID: 17219506


  163. Wachter RM. Could computerization harm patient safety? MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine. 2006. PMID: 16926823


  165. Pronovost P, Wachter R. Proposed standards for quality improvement research and publication: one step forward and two steps back. Quality & safety in health care. 2006. PMID: 16751460


  166. Arora V, Wetterneck TB, Schnipper JL, Auerbach AD, Kaboli P, Wachter RM, Levinson W, Humphrey HJ, Meltzer D. Effect of the inpatient general medicine rotation on student pursuit of a generalist career. Journal of general internal medicine. 2006. PMID: 16704390


  167. Wachter RM. International teleradiology. The New England journal of medicine. 2006. PMID: 16481633


  168. Wachter RM. The "dis-location" of U.S. medicine--the implications of medical outsourcing. The New England journal of medicine. 2006. PMID: 16481632


  169. Vidyarthi AR, Katz PP, Wall SD, Wachter RM, Auerbach AD. Impact of reduced duty hours on residents' educational satisfaction at the University of California, San Francisco. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2006. PMID: 16377825


  170. Leeper NJ, Wener LS, Dhaliwal G, Saint S, Wachter RM. Clinical problem-solving. One surprise after another. The New England journal of medicine. 2005. PMID: 15814884


  171. Wachter RM, Hollander H, Goldman L.. Hospital Medicine (2nd Edition) Hospital Medicine (2nd Edition). 2005. PMID:


  172. Wachter RM, Shojania KG. The faces of errors: a case-based approach to educating providers, policymakers, and the public about patient safety. Joint Commission journal on quality and safety. 2004. PMID: 15646098


  173. Hauer KE, Wachter RM, McCulloch CE, Woo GA, Auerbach AD. Effects of hospitalist attending physicians on trainee satisfaction with teaching and with internal medicine rotations. Archives of internal medicine. 2004. PMID: 15451761


  174. Wachter RM, Shojania KG. The patient safety movement will help, not harm, quality. Annals of internal medicine. 2004. PMID: 15313760


  175. Huddleston JM, Long KH, Naessens JM, Vanness D, Larson D, Trousdale R, Plevak M, Cabanela M, Ilstrup D, Wachter RM. Medical and surgical comanagement after elective hip and knee arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2004. PMID: 15238368


  176. Wachter RM. The end of the beginning: patient safety five years after 'to err is human'. Health affairs (Project Hope). 2004. PMID: 15572380


  177. Wachter RM. Hospitalists in the United States--mission accomplished or work in progress? The New England journal of medicine. 2004. PMID: 15128892


  178. Shojania KG, McDonald KM, Wachter RM, Owens DK.. Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies (four volume series) Closing the Quality Gap: A Critical Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies (four volume series).. 2004. PMID:


  179. Wachter RM, Shojania KG.. Internal Bleeding: The Truth Behind America's Terrifying Epidemic of Medical Mistakes Internal Bleeding: The Truth Behind America's Terrifying Epidemic of Medical Mistakes.. 2004. PMID:


  181. Flanders SA, Wachter RM. Hospitalists: the new model of inpatient medical care in the United States. European journal of internal medicine. 2003. PMID: 12554016


  182. Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, Turner J, Huang L. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS (London, England). 2003. PMID: 12478071


  183. Auerbach AD, Wachter RM, Katz P, Showstack J, Baron RB, Goldman L. Implementation of a voluntary hospitalist service at a community teaching hospital: improved clinical efficiency and patient outcomes. Annals of internal medicine. 2002. PMID: 12458985


  184. Morris A, Creasman J, Turner J, Luce JM, Wachter RM, Huang L. Intensive care of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2002. PMID: 12153955


  185. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, Wachter RM. Safe but sound: patient safety meets evidence-based medicine. JAMA. 2002. PMID: 12132985


  186. Wachter RM. The evolution of the hospitalist model in the United States. The Medical clinics of North America. 2002. PMID: 12365336


  187. Baudendistel TE, Wachter RM. The evolution of the hospitalist movement in the USA. Clinical medicine (London, England). 2002. PMID: 12195860


  188. Wachter RM, Shojania KG, Saint S, Markowitz AJ, Smith M. Learning from our mistakes: quality grand rounds, a new case-based series on medical errors and patient safety. Annals of internal medicine. 2002. PMID: 12044134


  189. Pantilat SZ, Lindenauer PK, Katz PP, Wachter RM. Primary care physician attitudes regarding communication with hospitalists. Disease-a-month : DM. 2002. PMID: 12021754


  190. Wachter RM, Pantilat SZ. The "continuity visit" and the hospitalist model of care. Disease-a-month : DM. 2002. PMID: 12021759


  191. Pantilat SZ, Wachter RM. The patient provider relationship and the hospitalist movement. Introduction. Disease-a-month : DM. 2002. PMID: 12021750


  192. Wachter RM, Goldman L. The hospitalist movement 5 years later. JAMA. 2002. PMID: 11798371


  193. Pantilat SZ, Lindenauer PK, Katz PP, Wachter RM. Primary care physician attitudes regarding communication with hospitalists. The American journal of medicine. 2001. PMID: 11790363


  194. Wachter RM, Pantilat SZ. The "continuity visit" and the hospitalist model of care. The American journal of medicine. 2001. PMID: 11790368


  195. Reddy JC, Katz PP, Goldman L, Wachter RM. A pneumonia practice guideline and a hospitalist-based reorganization lead to equivalent efficiency gains. The American journal of managed care. 2001. PMID: 11767300


  196. Minichiello TM, Auerbach AD, Wachter RM. Caregiver perceptions of the reasons for delayed hospital discharge. Effective clinical practice : ECP. 2001. PMID: 11769297


  197. Wachter RM. Who will pay for the value of hospitalists? The American journal of managed care. 2001. PMID: 11725813


  198. Plauth WH, Pantilat SZ, Wachter RM, Fenton CL. Hospitalists' perceptions of their residency training needs: results of a national survey. The American journal of medicine. 2001. PMID: 11530039


  199. Wachter RM. Does continuity of care matter? No: discontinuity can improve patient care. The Western journal of medicine. 2001. PMID: 11431381


  200. Wachter RM. The benefits of using hospitalists. Health Forum journal. 2001. PMID: 11464637


  202. Wachter RM. Response to David Meltzer's paper "Hospitalists and the doctor-patient relationship". The Journal of legal studies. 2001. PMID: 12656090


  203. Hauer KE, Wachter RM. Implications of the hospitalist model for medical students' education. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2001. PMID: 11299143


  204. Shojania KG, Showstack J, Wachter RM. Assessing hospital quality: a review for clinicians. Effective clinical practice : ECP. 2001. PMID: 11329991


  205. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, Wachter RM.. Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices.. 2001. PMID:


  206. Shojania KG, Duncan BW, McDonald KM, Wachter RM, Markowitz AJ. Making health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices. Evidence report/technology assessment (Summary). 2001. PMID: 11510252


  207. Auerbach AD, Nelson EA, Lindenauer PK, Pantilat SZ, Katz PP, Wachter RM. Physician attitudes toward and prevalence of the hospitalist model of care: results of a national survey. The American journal of medicine. 2000. PMID: 11099685


  208. Wachter RM. Debunking myths about the hospitalist movement. The American journal of medicine. 2000. PMID: 10856419


  209. Nickas G, Wachter RM. Outcomes of intensive care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Archives of internal medicine. 2000. PMID: 10695695


  210. Wachter RM, Shojania KG. The unintended consequences of measuring quality on the quality of medical care. The New England journal of medicine. 2000. PMID: 10691497


  211. Pascual FE, Matthay MA, Bacchetti P, Wachter RM. Assessment of prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia who require mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2000. PMID: 10669697


  212. Shojania KG, Wachter RM. Unreliability of physician "report cards" to assess cost and quality of care. JAMA. 2000. PMID: 10632274


  213. Hauer KE, Flanders SA, Wachter RM. Training future hospitalists. The Western journal of medicine. 1999. PMID: 10639879


  214. Grant RW, Charlebois ED, Wachter RM. Risk factors for early hospital readmission in patients with AIDS and pneumonia. Journal of general internal medicine. 1999. PMID: 10491241


  215. Pantilat SZ, Alpers A, Wachter RM. A new doctor in the house: ethical issues in hospitalist systems. JAMA. 1999. PMID: 10411199


  216. Lurie JD, Wachter RM. Hospitalist staffing requirements. Effective clinical practice : ECP. 1999. PMID: 10538261


  217. Lurie JD, Miller DP, Lindenauer PK, Wachter RM, Sox HC. The potential size of the hospitalist workforce in the United States. The American journal of medicine. 1999. PMID: 10225248


  218. Wachter RM, Whitcomb WF, Nelson JR. Financial implications of implementing a hospitalist program. Healthcare financial management : journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association. 1999. PMID: 10351056


  219. Wachter RM. An introduction to the hospitalist model. Annals of internal medicine. 1999. PMID: 10068402


  220. Lindenauer PK, Pantilat SZ, Katz PP, Wachter RM. Hospitalists and the practice of inpatient medicine: results of a survey of the National Association of Inpatient Physicians. Annals of internal medicine. 1999. PMID: 10068403


  221. Wachter RM. The hospitalist movement: ten issues to consider. Hospital practice (1995). 1999. PMID: 10047762


  222. Wachter RM, Goldman L. Implications of the hospitalist movement for academic departments of medicine: lessons from the UCSF experience. The American journal of medicine. 1999. PMID: 10230739


  223. Bellet PS, Wachter RM. The hospitalist movement and its implications for the care of hospitalized children. Pediatrics. 1999. PMID: 9925844


  224. Wachter RM, Flanders S. The hospitalist movement and the future of academic general internal medicine. Journal of general internal medicine. 1998. PMID: 9824528


  225. Rand VE, Hudes ES, Browner WS, Wachter RM, Avins AL. Effect of evaluator and resident gender on the American Board of Internal Medicine evaluation scores. Journal of general internal medicine. 1998. PMID: 9798813


  226. Wachter RM, Katz P, Showstack J, Bindman AB, Goldman L. Reorganizing an academic medical service: impact on cost, quality, patient satisfaction, and education. JAMA. 1998. PMID: 9605901


  227. Hauer KE, Wachter RM. A model hospitalist training program. The hospitalist. 1998. PMID: 10346243


  228. Wachter RM, Goldman L. The emerging role of "hospitalists" in the American health care system. The New England journal of medicine. 1996. PMID: 8672160


  229. Wachter RM. Intensive care for patients with AIDS: clinical and ethical issues. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift. 1995. PMID: 7597398


  230. Wachter RM, Luce JM, Safrin S, Berrios DC, Charlebois E, Scitovsky AA. Cost and outcome of intensive care for patients with AIDS, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and severe respiratory failure. JAMA. 1995. PMID: 7807663


  231. Wachter RM. Rationing health care: preparing for a new era. Southern medical journal. 1995. PMID: 7817224


  233. Luce JM, Wachter RM. The ethical appropriateness of using prognostic scoring systems in clinical management. Critical care clinics. 1994. PMID: 8118731


  234. Wachter RM, Lo B. Advance directives for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Critical care clinics. 1993. PMID: 8422613


  235. Brandeau ML, Owens DK, Sox CH, Wachter RM. Screening women of childbearing age for human immunodeficiency virus. A cost-benefit analysis. Archives of internal medicine. 1992. PMID: 1444682


  236. Wachter RM. AIDs, activism, and the politics of health. The New England journal of medicine. 1992. PMID: 1727220


  237. Wachter RM, Luce JM, Hopewell PC. Critical care of patients with AIDS. JAMA. 1992. PMID: 1729577


  238. Wachter RM, Russi MB, Bloch DA, Hopewell PC, Luce JM. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure in AIDS. Improved outcomes and increased use of intensive care units. The American review of respiratory disease. 1991. PMID: 1990936


  239. Wachter RM.. The Fragile Coalition: Scientists, Activists and AIDS The Fragile Coalition: Scientists, Activists and AIDS.. 1991. PMID:


  241. Wachter RM, Luce JM, Hearst N, Lo B. Decisions about resuscitation: inequities among patients with different diseases but similar prognoses. Annals of internal medicine. 1989. PMID: 2549825


  242. Wachter RM, Luce JM, Lo B, Raffin TA. Life-sustaining treatment for patients with AIDS. Chest. 1989. PMID: 2646078


  243. Epstein L, Libby E, Wachter RM. An acute exacerbation of P. carinii pneumonia. Hospital practice (Office ed.). 1989. PMID: 2493006


  244. Luce JM, Wachter RM. Intensive care for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Intensive care medicine. 1989. PMID: 2607032


  245. Wachter RM, Tierney LM. A hidden complication of heart disease. Hospital practice (Office ed.). 1988. PMID: 3142893


  246. Luce JM, Wachter RM, Hopewell PC. Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: time for a reassessment? The American review of respiratory disease. 1988. PMID: 3264472


  247. Wachter RM, Cooke M, Hopewell PC, Luce JM. Attitudes of medical residents regarding intensive care for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Archives of internal medicine. 1988. PMID: 3257378


  248. Lo B, Raffin TA, Cohen NH, Wachter RM, Luce JM, Hopewell PC. Ethical dilemmas about intensive care for patients with AIDS. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1987. PMID: 3321365


  249. Wachter RM. Symptomatic hypotension induced by nifedipine in the acute treatment of severe hypertension. Archives of internal medicine. 1987. PMID: 3827433


  250. Wachter RM, Luce JM, Turner J, Volberding P, Hopewell PC. Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Outcome and changing patterns of utilization. The American review of respiratory disease. 1986. PMID: 3777686


  251. Wachter RM, Fields S. Lethargy and confusion after total nephrectomy. Hospital practice (Office ed.). 1986. PMID: 3081535


  252. Wachter RM. The impact of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on medical residency training. The New England journal of medicine. 1986. PMID: 3941698


  253. Wachter RM. Ripping and filing Journal articles. The New England journal of medicine. 1984. PMID: 6472418